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| Format | Book Chapter |
|---|---|
| Author, Analytic | Jacobi, Juliane |
| Title, Analytic | Schoolmarm, Volkserzieher, Kantor, and Schulschwester: German Teachers among Immigrants during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century |
| Author, Monographic | Geitz, Henry//Heideking, Juergen//Herbst, Jurgen |
| Title, Monographic | German Influences on Education in the United States to 1917 |
| Place of Publication | Washington, D.C.; Cambridge; New York |
| Publisher | German Historical Institute; Cambridge University Press |
| Date of Publication | 1995 |
| Location in Work | 115-128 |
| Abstract | This essay deals with four different groups of teachers among German immigrants that I came across while investigating elementary schools for German immigrants in Wisconsin. Two variables, gender and religious affiliation, divided teachers into four different categories: (1) the female public elementary school teacher, ridiculed as "schoolmarm"; (2) the German-American non-church-affiliated teacher, that is, the Volkserzieher; (3) the Lutheran parochial school teacher, that is, the Kantor; and (4) the Catholic school sister. . . .The essay deals with the different groups according to their degree of modernization. It starts out with the most advanced type, the wage-earning woman, followed by the German-American teacher who considered himself modern. Most historians of education consider the church-affiliated Lutheran male teacher and the Catholic school sister as the least modern types of school teacher. What did this mean in the most democratic modernized society of the era?" |
| Call Number | MKI/MEM LA 216 G47 1995 |
| MKI Terms | Education/ United States/ History/ German influence/ 19th century/ Immigrants, German/ Teaching/ Women |